He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. Made king by the minister Shura. From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. [citation needed]. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. Son of Sangramapida II. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Rajatarangini/Original languages Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. Concerning past occasions. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Son of Partha. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Verse 15. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. From Stein's translation:[3]. Verse 14. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Jizya was abolished too in his command. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Son of Hiranyakula. The Journal of Asian Studies [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? Kalhana was a poet. Report Error In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. 23 February 2011. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. The author Kalhana was a son of a minister of Harsha of this family. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Gave lands to Brahmins. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. Verse 12. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. translator of the Rajataragini. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. After ruling indirectly and directly. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Verse 14. elsewhere. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". View all Google Scholar citations According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. Sanskrit Kalhana was excellently equipped for the work. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. . [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. The Loharas ruled for many generations. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Nephew of Didda. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. It does not store any personal data. Answer. . Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. Turn on. Corrections? Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. [5] Some of the kings and dynasties can be identified with inscriptions and the histories of the empires that periodically included the Kashmir valley, but for long periods the Rajatarangini is the only source. . The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Verse 12. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. Died young. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. In 1380 C.E. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. Murdered by Radda. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Verse 7. (I.191) He belonged to. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. Omissions? In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Verse 13. field of Asian Studies. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. After that, the English translation. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Content may require purchase if you do not have access. university presses. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. All rights reserved. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Match words . [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Verse 15. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. Answer. Request Permissions. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. View Answer From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. He brought back the Brahmans who had fled from Kashmir following the treachery of Mirza. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana.