In, To assess the relationship between Index variants in the context of comparing the maintainability of versions of the same software system, a correlation analysis was conducted for each case study. = average, Med. JHawk. If the two objects have the same values, equals () will return true. While the expression obj1.equals(obj2) compares equality. In the second comparison, equals () checks to see whether the passed object is null, or if it's typed as a different. [, Some studies have compared the well-established Maintainability Index variant with alternative software quality measures with the aim of validating new measures. To reduce the likelihood of errors caused by humans, the process of collecting software metrics and computing the Index variants for all software under study was performed automatically by running scripts. 203208. All rights reserved. It returns false because x holds the double value and y holds the long value that is not equal. The two objects will be equal if they share the same memory address. Kaur and Singh [, Although there are some similarities with the existing work, the lack of a comprehensive approach to comparing multiple variations of the Index makes our work the first of its kind in the field. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Heriko T, umak B. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) Based on the ShapiroWilk Test, a parametric correlation coefficient was utilized, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (, To answer RQ2.2, the link between Index variants was analyzed in the context of comparing maintainability with versions of the same software system using correlation analysis for each case study. The Java Object class provides the two important methods to compare two objects in Java, i.e. = maximum. To compare two elements, it asks Which is greater? Compare method returns -1, 0, or 1 to say if it is less than, equal, or greater to the other. The 2021 State of the Octoverse. [, Revilla, M.A. Objects class from the Java.util . To address these threats, our research relied on a version of 45 different software systems and all versions of 3 software systems, a sample generally larger than that in related work. Internally the Sort method does call Compare method of the classes it is sorting. Keep reading to see how hard it is and how you can take advantage of it to improve your coding skills. Ideally I would have liked to write the following test: Unfortunately it would fail. Each Java object is associated with the hash code. It is a unique id provided by JVM to Java object. In the previous example, we have discussed how to sort the list of objects on the basis of a single field using Comparable and Comparator interface But, what if we have a requirement to sort ArrayList objects in accordance with more than one field like firstly, sort according to the student name and secondly, sort according to student age. Lets take the above example in which JSON.stringify is useless and hand it over to Lodash: You can read more about Lodash in the article below: You dont want to use any external libraries? In the following example, we have created constructor of the Double and Long class and passes corresponding values, as an argument that stored in their objects, respectively. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks. Although concerns regarding the appropriateness of the Index for object-oriented languages have been expressed because the measure was initially proposed for systems developed in procedural programming languages [, As discussed above, several variants of the Index exist and are often used interchangeably. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, T.H. Available online: Kaur, K.; Singh, H. Determination of Maintainability Index for Object Oriented Systems. [. You seem to have javascript disabled. Visual Studio. In the next two sections, we will see the example programs on ArrayList and HashMap classes. And so usingFakeItEasyI was able to create the following code: What we have here is a newfakeobject a.k.afakeExpectedwhich would call custom code when itsEqualsmethod is called. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. positive feedback from the reviewers. ; Foreman, J.; Gerken, M. GitHub. See further details. Schober, P.; Boer, C.; Schwarte, L.A. 101108. It returns true because the object of double class i.e. Heriko, T.; umak, B. You are accessing a machine-readable page. Follow to join 3M+ monthly readers. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above. For instance, it may be on roll no, name, age, or anything else. Object-oriented programming paradigm for damage tolerant evaluation of engineering structural components. Construction and testing of polynomials predicting software maintainability. ; data curation, T.H. I will explain both methods using Strings and a self-written "Student" class as examples. Illustration: An example to illustrate an object of a class: // Here, chair and sofa are two objects of the class Furniture. 1. Object-Oriented Software. The results showed that the choice of the variant could influence the perception of maintainability. However, the results could have been different for a different group of software systems, as there is no guarantee that the selected software systems are good representatives. Software code maintainability: A literature review. ; methodology, T.H. ; Sari, E.M. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. De Lucia, A.; Pompella, E.; Stefanucci, S. Assessing effort estimation models for corrective maintenance through empirical studies. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communications (ADCOM 2007), Guwahati, India, 1821 December 2007; pp. Naturally, it is to be expected that maintainability assessment based on different variants computed using different equations may yield different results when subjected to the same software. Overall, the findings of this research have the potential to benefit both researchers and practitioners in the field of software engineering by providing a better understanding of how the selection of Index variant affects the perception of the maintainability of software systems. The selection was random, and our selected subjects represent a heterogeneous group of software systems in terms of software characteristics, including size, complexity, code documentation, maturity, and domain of use. Another threat to external validity is the set of Index variants studied. When comparing two software systems based on their maintainability assessments from different Index variants, if one software is easier to maintain than the other according to one variant, it is very likely that the same holds true according to any other variant. However, using JSON.stringify() to compare objects has one limitation. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare () method. 2021. We can compare two HashMap by comparing Entry with the equals () method of the Map returns true if the maps have the same key-value pairs that mean the same Entry. Sjberg, D.I.K. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Distributed Objects for the 21st Century, Genova, Italy, 610 July 2009; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2009. (This article belongs to the Special Issue. The equals () method performs a full (deep) comparison. Research on Software Maintenance Cost of Influence Factor Analysis and Estimation Method. During maintenance, software systems undergo continuous correction and enhancement activities due to emerging faults, changing environments, and evolving requirements, making this phase expensive and time-consuming, often exceeding the initial development costs. [. Using two asserts would work, at least for a time. ; investigation, T.H. Misra [, The evolution of the initially proposed Maintainability Index into numerous variants has resulted in a varying usage of Index variants in the context of maintainability assessment. Each of the presented variants represents a slightly different approach to measuring maintainability by capturing different software-related characteristics. Multidimensional scaling. Another potential area of research is to conduct replication studies of existing work by analyzing the results from the perspective of using Index variants other than the one primarily selected. JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. Fioravanti, F.; Nesi, P. Estimation and prediction metrics for adaptive maintenance effort of object-oriented systems. Oregon Workshop on Software Metrics. Java Object class is the super class of all the Java classes. Dubey, S.K. As first, you think the obvious way to compare two objects is iterating the list of properties and then comparing their values. On the other hand, equals() method compares whether the value of the strings is equal, and not the object itself. MDPI and/or Due to this behavior there are many (myself included) who suggest overridingEqualsto make sure that the actual values are compared, which could be a problem if our production code cannot be changed to accommodate our tests. Three empirical studies on predicting software maintainability using ensemble methods. Here is the string comparison which is possible in Java. One or more elements from. Singh, N.; Singh, D.P. Sci. It means that it can produce the same hash code for both objects. [. Anyone who has ever Googled (Binged?) To explore the variants and understand how they compare when evaluating software maintainability, an experiment was conducted with 45 Java-based object-oriented software systems. When we run the program (HashCodeExample.java) with the above code snippet, we get the following output. Firstly, our study differs in the inclusion of multiple commonly used Index variants in the comparison, while most studies, except for [. Modeling Design/Coding Factors That Drive Maintainability of Software Systems. In Proceedings of the 2015 41st Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, Madeira, Portugal, 2628 August 2015; pp. If the properties are objects, you take advantage of the recursion to keep going until the properties are primitive type. Visual StudioMaintainability Index. By using our site, you Ganpati, A.; Kalia, A.; Singh, H. A comparative study of maintainability index of open source software. Predicting the maintainability of open source software using design metrics. To ensure the most-accurate assessment, the specific variant selected should take into account the relevant aspects of maintainability that best represent the maintainability of the software system in question. function,1,JavaScript,1,jQuery,1,Kotlin,11,Kotlin Conversions,6,Kotlin Programs,10,Lambda,2,lang,29,Leap Year,1,live updates,1,LocalDate,1,Logging,1,Mac OS,3,Math,1,Matrix,6,Maven,1,Method References,1,Mockito,1,MongoDB,3,New Features,1,Operations,1,Optional,6,Oracle,5,Oracle 18C,1,Partition,1,Patterns,1,Programs,1,Property,1,Python,2,Quarkus,1,Read,1,Real Time,1,Recursion,2,Remove,2,Rest API,1,Schedules,1,Serialization,1,Servlet,2,Sort,1,Sorting Techniques,8,Spring,2,Spring Boot,23,Spring Email,1,Spring MVC,1,Streams,31,String,61,String Programs,28,String Revese,1,StringBuilder,1,Swing,1,System,1,Tags,1,Threads,11,Tomcat,1,Tomcat 8,1,Troubleshoot,26,Unix,3,Updates,3,util,5,While Loop,1, JavaProgramTo.com: How To Compare Two Objects In Java 8 For Equality, How To Compare Two Objects In Java 8 For Equality, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aEtaZB3ttHs/Xy-WBPnafyI/AAAAAAAAC4g/ysyUE-23H8o4Ltm4-IbRYn_xbKdxipa_QCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h369/How%2BTo%2BCompare%2BTwo%2BObjects%2BIn%2BJava%2B8%2BFor%2BEquality.png, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aEtaZB3ttHs/Xy-WBPnafyI/AAAAAAAAC4g/ysyUE-23H8o4Ltm4-IbRYn_xbKdxipa_QCLcBGAsYHQ/s72-w640-c-h369/How%2BTo%2BCompare%2BTwo%2BObjects%2BIn%2BJava%2B8%2BFor%2BEquality.png, https://www.javaprogramto.com/2020/08/how-to-compare-two-objects-in-java-8.html, 4. anlalp, .; ztrk, M.M. After that, we have invoked the hashCode() method using objects. Suppose we have a JSON string defined as the s1 variable: { "employee" : { "id": "1212" , "fullName": "John Miles" , "age": 34 } } Copy And we want to compare it with another JSON, s2: Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for Why to Use Comparator Interface Rather than Comparable Interface in Java? ; Anda, B.; Mockus, A. Avg. The main advantage of the Index as a single-value measure of maintainability is its ability to be able to compare software in the context of others [. Method of Collections class for sorting List elements is used to sort the elements of List by the given comparator. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article and mail your article to review-team@geeksforgeeks.org. In java, being object-oriented, it is always dynamically created and automatically destroyed by the garbage collector as the scope of the object is over. First, we convert the JavaScript objects to JSON strings and then compare those strings. Even though the findings are likely valid for software based on other object-oriented languages, further research is needed to confirm them. Kaur, A.; Kaur, K.; Pathak, K. A proposed new model for maintainability index of open source software. We make use of First and third party cookies to improve our user experience. A variety of data analysis methods (i.e., descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and trend analysis) were used to answer the research questions, which allowed us to evaluate and compare the consistency of several variants of the Index in measuring the maintainability of object-oriented software systems on a large and diverse set of Java software in different contexts. Exploring Maintainability Index Variants for Software Maintainability Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. 581591. Next, focusing on identifying any significant differences between the variants, the pairwise differences between Index variants were assessed. Misra, S.C. A total of 45 object-oriented software systems were randomly selected for the study. Java provides the two methods of the Object class to compare the objects are as follows: Java equals () Method Java hashCode () Method Java equals () Method The equals () method of the Object class compare the equality of two objects. Although different Index variants present different values when subjected to the same software system, the Index variant values are very strongly positively correlated and indicate in a similar manner how maintainability evolves between releases and from a more long-term perspective.