Jerry Brotton is Professor of Renaissance Studies at Queen Mary University of London and author of This Orient Isle: Elizabethan England and the Islamic World (Penguin, 2016), This article was published by HistoryExtra in 2017, Save up to 49% AND your choice of gift card worth 10* when you subscribe BBC History Magazine or BBC History Revealed PLUS! They have also been allied several times, such as in the Crimean War. During the following centuries, there were sporadic but unsuccessful Greek uprisings against Ottoman rule. In 1983 the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) declared independence, although Turkey is the only country which recognises it. Elizabeth I, having been excommunicated already [by Pope Pius V in 1570, for having seized on the kingdom and monstrously usurped the place of supreme head of the church in all England], when she came to the throne in 1558 Elizabeth and her advisers saw an opportunity to enrich the kingdom and antagonise Catholic Europe by reaching out to not only Barbary states but also the Ottomans and the Safavid empire in modern-day Iran. to Mehmed II. [47], The Great Turkish War or the "War of the Holy League" was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and ad hoc European coalition the Holy League (Latin: Sacra Ligua). System of ambition? Answer (1 of 7): Short Answer Yes, the British Empire defeated the Ottomans in World War I. The Spanish were outraged. Intelligence began to focus on railways that threatened Britain's commercial position, on the disposition of Arab tribes who might revolt against Turkish authority, on the state of the Turkish army, and on the extent [45] In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the Uzbeks and Ottomans launched semi-coordinated military offensives against Iran. The Ottoman Empire's diplomatic structure was unconventional and departed in many ways from its European counterparts. In October 1579 she wrote a letter that made the religious aspect of the alliance explicit, describing herself as the most invincible and most mighty defender of the Christian faith against all kind of idolatries, of all that live among the Christians, and falsely profess the name of Christ. Oxford: University Press of America. Nonetheless, the Russians agreed to grant Central Asian Muslim pilgrims safe passage into Ottoman territories after the First Russo-Turkish War. The control over European minorities began to collapse after 1800, with Greece being the first to break free, followed by Serbia. The Ottoman Empire, of which Palestine was a part, broke up shortly after the First World War and was officially dissolved in 1923 by the Treaty of Lausanne. to Bayezid II), 174 (29. p), 247.(1480? In alliance with Russia and Britain, the Turks were in periodic conflict with the French on both land and sea until March 1801. Research Interests: Koca Sinan Paa, Islamic Studies, Anglo-Ottoman Relations, Ottoman History Of Medicine, Ottoman economic, social and military history, Ottoman Literature, and 25 more About: Ottoman HistoryEarly Modern AgeTurkish HistoryXVIII. Suleiman selected cooperative local leaders in the newly acquired Wallachian, Moldavian, and Transylvanian Christian territories. The Porte was neutral at first but leaned toward Germany. ", A. Ali Balci, et al. [15], The United Kingdom is the second biggest importer of goods from Turkey, after Germany. As a result, it was rarely used, apart from its use against Napoleon's expeditionary force at Gaza and Rosetta. Russia also annexed the Budjak region. The war was a defeat for the Ottoman Empire, which for the first time lost large amounts of territory. Letters and diplomatic documents]. The decisive Ottoman victory came at the Battle of Mohcs in 1526. On his return to England Jenkinson was appointed as the first representative of the newly formed Muscovy Company [a body of English merchants trading with Russia] and sent to trade with the Safavid shah of Iran, Tahmasp I. In 1836, a Foreign Ministry was created. The British, under General Allenby during the Arab Revolt under the guidance of British intelligence officers, the most famous being T. E. Lawrence, contributed to the defeat of the Ottoman forces in 1917 in which British and French forces occupied the Sinai and the majority of Greater Syria. The Ottoman-French Treaty of 1740 marked the apogee of French influence in the Ottoman Empire in the eighteenth century. Queen Elizabeth's letter t Sultn Murad III of 25 October 1579 is in . But his highly visible presence in London appears to have influenced Shakespeare in his portrayal of Othello a charismatic, sophisticated individual with a divided heritage but who was prepared to take on the spectre of either Ottoman or Spanish imperialism. The main battles were fought on land in Anatolia/Caucasus and Rumelia. "War Decision and Neoclassical Realism: The Entry of the Ottoman Empire into the First World War. Complete independence arrived in 1878. [8], This war lead to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Ottomans, the Armenian genocide, the dissolution of the empire, and the abolition of the Islamic Caliphate.[9][10][11]. Following news that the combined OttomanEgyptian fleet was going to attack the island of Hydra, the allied fleets intercepted the Ottoman navy and won a decisive victory at the Battle of Navarino. Both countries currently maintain relations via the British Embassy in Ankara[1] and the Turkish Embassy in London. Relations with the Aceh Sultanate started in the 1530s but the affair later developed into an alliance by the 1570s. The proposals foundered due to Elizabeths preference for sustaining her longer-held alliance with the infinitely more powerful Ottomans, and al-Annuri was recalled to Morocco. Intensive fighting began in 1683 when Ottoman commander Kara Mustafa brought an army of 200,000 soldiers to besiege, Vienna. Walsingham did not succeed in this bold attempt, mainly because the Ottomans were uninterested in fighting the Spanish simply to please the English. The Republic of Turkey was established in its place on 29 October 1923 in the new capital city of Ankara. If it would be second hand, or built in Turkey with UK workers and experts, has not been confirmed. The state of Turkey and the USA has not been mentioned; in relation to the "F 35 Lightning" program; their build slot having been vacated as a result of relevant purchase of Russian anti-aircraft missile systems. The phenomenon reached its zenith in the 1590s, when more than 20 plays featuring Turks or Moors were performed. The Congress of Berlin also allowed Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina and Great Britain to take over Cyprus. Meanwhile, makeshift Greek fleets achieved success against the Ottoman Navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. [7], Before 1914 Britain was the main defender of the Ottoman Empire, especially against Russian threats. endstream endobj 175 0 obj <. The Turks formed an alliance with the Polish opposition forces of the Bar Confederation, while Russia was supported by Great Britain, which offered naval advisers to the Russian navy. [13][14], About 1250 CE the Seljuk Turks were overwhelmed by a Mongol invasion, and they lost control of Anatolia. Capcoal Surface Operation, Middlemount QLD. Anglo- Ottoman Relations and William Gladstone, 1868-1880 Gl Tokay Marmara University The study tries to reassess Anglo-Ottoman relations between 1868 and 1880. London& New York . Its dynastic claims passed to the House of Habsburg. The metal came from the roofs and bells stripped from deconsecrated Catholic churches and monasteries. 191 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<7DA8CB34545AED41A626FFA9E3810843>]/Index[174 31]/Info 173 0 R/Length 93/Prev 405579/Root 175 0 R/Size 205/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream He was then transferred to the Ottoman theatre of operations, where in 1773 and 1774 he won several minor and major battles following the previous grand successes of the Russian Field-Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev at Larga and Kagula. [10][11] The origins of the capitulations comes from Harun al Rashid and his dealings with the Frankish kingdoms, but they were also used by both his successors and by the Byzantine Empire.[11]. The Ottomans collaborated with Francis I of France and his Protestant allies in the 1530s while fighting the Habsburgs. But Henrys alliance with the Ottomans did not come to fruition, primarily because of his domestic problems, and because for the Turks, the English were peripheral players in the larger geopolitical world picture of the 1530s. Serbia gained considerable internal autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in two uprisings in 1804 (led by ore Petrovi Karaore) and 1815 (led by Milo Obrenovi). [5] Britain and Turkey are both members of the G20, I am Executive Director of the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs (NZIIA) - Whare Tawhi-a-mahi i Aotearoa. In Transcaucasia, the Ottomans renounced their claims to most of western Georgia. In 1582 their London ambassador, Bernadino de Mendoza, wrote to his superior, Philip II, complaining that the English trade is extremely profitable to them, as they take great quantities of tin and lead thither, which the Turk buys of them almost for its weight in gold, the tin being vitally necessary for the casting of guns and the lead for purposes of war. 3-10. The Capitulations enabled English merchants to trade freely throughout the Ottoman dominions, giving them preferential rates on customs duties, and also protecting any Englishman attacked by Catholics or Muslims. There were a number of factors that conspired to influence the Ottoman government, and encourage them into entering the war. Privately, English merchants had been quietly trading with the Muslim rulers of the Barbary states [a collection of North African states, many of which practiced state-supported piracy in order to exact tribute from weaker Atlantic powers] in modern-day Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. A Study in Anglo-Turkish Relations 1826-1853 (Cambridge, Mass:, 1942) pp. This vision sparked border disputes such as the Taba Crisis over the frontier between British-ruled Egypt and Ottoman Syria. Hierarchy and Friendship: Ottoman Practices of Diplomatic Culture and Communication (1290s-1600) Gne Iksel History The Medieval History Journal 2019 Hitherto, no historian has attempted a comprehensive approach to the aims, instruments and practices of Ottoman diplomacy, nor have historians analysed the major claims and evolution of the latter He died in 1520 as he was preparing an invasion of the island of Rhodes. Yemen was the first choice, since it was a convenient port. "A personal visit might help to clear the air": an encounter with Mustafa Kemal (Atatrk) in the memoirs of a British control officer", Journal of Anglo-Turkish Relations, Vol. A.J.P. Ottoman Empire, although it did not become an issue until the nineteenth century. Imprint Oxford ; New York : Published for the British Academy, London, by Oxford University Press, c1977. Managed Anglo American's public affairs and government relations functions relating to the Pebble Project and other US interests in Alaska, Washington DC, and Lower 48 Russia obtained trading rights on the Danube. During Theresa May's visit to Turkey in January 2017, BAE and TAI officials signed an agreement, worth about 100 million, for BAE to provide assistance in developing the TAI TFX aircraft. [64] Neither arms nor diplomacy could restore Ottoman authority. The incumbent is responsible for HR Service delivery to the production manager. The President of Turkey Cevdet Sunay paid a state visit to the United Kingdom in November 1967. Anglo Cornish Poetry 1549 1928 . [27], Selim I's son Suleiman I became known as "Suleiman the Magnificent" for his long string of military conquests[28][29] Suleiman consolidated Ottoman possessions in Europe and made the Danube the undisputed northern frontier.[30]. Anglo American is an equal opportunities employer. A little over a year later in 1975, there was also a flow of roughly 60,000 Turkish Cypriots from the south to the north after the conflict. Traditionally, foreign affairs were conducted by the Reis l-Kttab (Chief Clerk or Secretary of State) who also had other duties. Near contemporary Ottoman capitulations to European powers such as Britain and Holland (1737), the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1740), Denmark (1756), and Prussia (1761) were to offset and balance the capitulations granted to France in 1740. [18], Mehmed the Conqueror (14441446, and 14511481) scored the most famous victory in Ottoman history when his army finally on 29 May 1453, captured Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese surrendered, and the Greek revolutionaries proceeded to retake central Greece. The change was apparent when two recently purchased ships of its navy, still manned by their German crews and commanded by their German admiral, carried out the Black Sea Raid, a surprise attack against Russian ports, on 29 October 1914. Russia returned control of Akhalkalaki, Poti, and Anapa. The ambassadors and British-Ottoman relations The hefty tomes of SP97 contain letters, translations, memorials, and financial accounts, primarily in English, but with a significant number in Italian - the diplomatic lingua franca in the Ottoman Empire until the nineteenth century - and a number of documents in Ottoman Turkish and Latin. At a time when many people rarely travelled beyond the village or town in which they were born, the assumption is that England in the late 15th and 16th century was defined by the timeless rhythms of agrarian Anglo-Saxon traditions: exclusively white and Christian. The European powers rejected that solution and met at the Congress of Berlin. We are committed to promoting an inclusive and diverse workplace where we value and respect every colleague for who they are and provide equality . Vice President - U.S. East Coast Exports & Trade Management. In legal and technical terms, they were unilateral agreements made by the Sultan to a nation's merchants. The "Open Doors" Policy of the Anglo-American Establishment Anglo-American elites also made it clear that they wanted a global policy of "open doors" through the 1941 Atlantic Charter, which was a joint British and American declaration about what post-war international relations would be like. One by one the Porte lost nominal authority. He conquered Egypt, leaving the Mamelukes as rulers there under a Turkish governor general. [24] [12], The Ottoman Empire leased the island of Cyprus to the United Kingdom in 1878. In 1585 she backed the creation of the Barbary Company, formalising the longstanding trade. However, the emphasis is on the. . Despite a failed invasion of Mani, Athens also fell and the revolution looked all but lost. The Ottoman entry into World War I began when two recently purchased ships of its navy, still manned by their German crews and commanded by their German admiral, carried out the Black Sea Raid, a surprise attack against Russian ports, on 29 October 1914. The British government worked with Ali to take over the strategically significant port of Aden, despite opposition from Constantinople. The Venetians had been turning a blind eye to such injunctions in their trade with Muslim kingdoms for centuries. War broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships and revoked the 1826 Akkerman Convention in retaliation for Russian participation in October 1827 in the Battle of Navarino. When peace with Britain came (briefly) in 1803 Napoleon brought home his Arme d'Orient. Furthermore, the Sultan was upsetting the well-established traditional political powers. Assistant Manager Human Resources at Anglo-Eastern. [18][19], The United Kingdom has been the strongest supporter for the Accession of Turkey to the European Union. [21] Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has historically been a passionate supporter of Turkey's EU aspirations. [46] Maritime links between the Ottoman Empire and the Toungoo Empire of Burma were established as late as 1545, and persisted well into the 1580s.[45]. A combination of Russian and Ukrainian forces defeated Doroshenko and his Turkish-Tatar army in 1676. Turkey and the UK signed a free trade agreement on 29 December 2020 following the end of Brexit transition period, as the UK became no longer a part of European Union-Turkey Customs Union. Supplies on both sides came using fixed prices, taxes, and confiscation. Following an Ottoman naval disaster in November, Britain and France declared war against Russia. Port-Cities of the Eastern Mediterranean 1800-1914- Basil C. Gounaris, 1993 The Precarious Life and Slow Death of the Mixed Courts of Egypt- Nathan J. His cover was that he was travelling in a trade delegation to Aleppo. In September 1821, the Greeks under the leadership of Theodoros Kolokotronis captured Tripolitsa. London, shocked to discover that France was secretly negotiating with Russia to form a postwar alliance to dominate Europe, dropped its plans to attack St. Petersburg and instead signed a one-sided armistice with Russia that achieved almost none of its war aims. Significant operational improvements are required within Anglo . Country: Turkey. Turkey exports around 8% of its total goods to the United Kingdom. [49] The issue was control of Central and Eastern Europe. [85], Germany for years had worked to develop closer ties to the Ottoman Empire. 174 0 obj <> endobj [3], Ambassadors from the Ottoman Empire were usually appointed on a temporary and limited basis, as opposed to the resident ambassadors sent by other European nations. The Marketing Assistant's role will also include the following and it is anticipated that when required, you will provide administrative assistance with other markets: * responding to enquiries and distributing the Group's promotional materials to existing and potential clients and agents in all our markets; * dealing efficiently with . The brief French invasion of Egypt led by Napoleon Bonaparte began in 1798. Wir freuen uns auf Sie! Initiated by Queen Elizabeth I upon sending the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III an organ, Anglo-Ottoman music-historical relations date back to the sixteenth century. In 1914, the old Ottoman enemy Russia was at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Constantinople distrusted London for its role in Egypt. [40] One of these merchants was Ali Akbar Khitai, who visited the Ming dynasty during the reign of Emperor Zhengde. Indeed, this was the case during the time of Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkeys relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (192947). The HR Coordinator - Operations role forms an integral part of the Operational Management team, with the responsibility of ensuring the effectiveness of the human resources within the operations. There is a tendency to believe that Anglo-Islamic relations are defined by the significant immigration of Muslims communities from South Asia from the 1950s, but this is only one dimension of a much longer and more complicated story. When you join Anglo American, you can expect to enjoy a competitive salary and benefits package. The President of Turkey Kenan Evren paid a state visit to the United Kingdom in July 1988. [82] In 1914, Britain went to war with the Ottomans and ended their nominal role. By the 1580s he was known as Hassan Aga, chief eunuch and treasurer of Algiers under its Ottoman governor, responsible for corresponding with Harborne and with no interest in returning to England, which was under immediate threat of invasion by Catholic Spain. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom paid state visits to Turkey in October 1971 and May 2008. [42] Some of these missions may have been from Uzbekistan, Moghulistan, or Kara Del because the Ottomans were known in China as the rulers of five realms: Turfan, Samarqand, Mecca, Rum and Hami. ", Frank E. Bailey, "The Economics of British Foreign Policy, 182550. %PDF-1.7 % [80], A surprising consequence came in Hungary (part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). The Inner Eurasian Muslim khanates of Kazan, Khwarazm, and Bukhara were wary of Russian expansion and looked to the Ottomans for the maintenance of Silk Road contacts. Join us as a Head of Programme and Partnership Development - Southern Africa.. [52][53], The Polish opposition was defeated by Alexander Suvorov. tartalma: Els ktet, 1458-1479; Msodik ktet, 1480-1490. https://mek.oszk.hu/07100/07105/# [6 letter for the Ottoman Sultans, 1 for pasha of Sendro, 1 for prince Cem Volume I: letter 259. ", Robert Olson, "The Ottoman-French Treaty of 1740", Stanford J. Shaw, "The Nizam-1 Cedid Army under Sultan Selim III 17891807.". The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and Constantinople itself, which had a large Greek element. Signed, but never ratified, the long-lasting impact of the . Century Papers 19 Views SULTAN IV. The land was administered by the British for the remainder of the war. In 1578 Elizabeths spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham wrote a Memorandum on the Turkey trade proposing that Elizabeth send a merchant-come-ambassador to Constantinople (todays Istanbul) to establish a commercial and political alliance with the Ottoman empire of Sultan Murad III. The principalities of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, each of which had de facto sovereignty for some time, formally proclaimed independence from the Porte. Previous to this I completed a PhD in international history at the LSE, with research publications, higher education teaching and online course design experience. In 2010, the BBC reported Prime Minister Cameron's 'anger' at slow pace of Turkish EU negotiations. by Jnos Boris[from Emperor Sigismund to Emperor Rudolph]. Serbian activists promoted ethnic nationalism in the Balkans, targeting both the remnants of the Ottoman Empire and the equally fragile Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Porte ended hostilities and granted autonomy to Serbia. [24], Babur's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because the Selim I provided Babur's rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks and cannons. They included Egypt, Tunisia, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Lebanon. Morocco traded its gold and sugar (which caused havoc with Elizabeths teeth) in exchange for English cloth, and more importantly metal and saltpeter, which were used to make gunpowder. . ", Margaret M. Jefferson, "Lord Salisbury and the Eastern Question, 1890-1898. ", Lewitter, "The Russo-Polish Treaty of 1686 and Its Antecedents. After almost five centuries of Ottoman domination (13961878), a Bulgarian state re-emerged: the Principality of Bulgaria, covering the land between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains (except Northern Dobrudja which was given to Romania), as well as the region of Sofia, which became Bulgaria's capital. Anglo-Ottoman Relations and the Question of the Aegean Islands 1912-14: A Reassessment by Gul Tokay This article re-assesses Anglo-Ottoman relations and the origins of World War I between 1912 and 1914, namely from the emergence of the Balkan Crisis until the Ottoman-German alliance of 2 August 1914. angloamericanobogota.edu.co 2nd most similar site is teresianobta.gnosoft.com.co, with < 5K visits in January 2023, and closing off the top 3 is angloamericano.edu.co with < 5K. [74], The Crimean War (185456) was fought between Russia on the one hand and an alliance of Britain, France, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other. Competitive salary + 12% superannuation. The relationship between Turkey and Britain shifted dramatically as Germany made a better bargain and in 1914 the Porte (Ottoman government) joined in World War I against Britain. [78], The war helped modernize warfare by introducing major new technologies such as railways, the telegraph, and modern nursing methods. Brown, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1993 [43] According to traders in the Gujarat Sultanate, the Chinese Emperor ordered all Chinese Muslims to read the khutba in the name of the Ottoman Sultan, thus preventing religious disputes from spreading across his territory.[44]. The Porte broadened English extraterritorial rights by successive renewals and expansions (in 1603, 1606, 1624, 1641, 1662, and 1675). When an Ottoman-friendly government came to power, Anglo-Ottoman relations were set to improve. La Turquie est aussi somme de livrer sa flotte, de rduire son arme 15 000 hommes et 35 000 gendarmes. Anglo-Ottoman Relations and the Image of the Turk in Tamburlaine Jonathan Burton 2000, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies tinction between Western superiority and Oriental inferiority." In Marlowe's plays, however, Islamic strength is shown to threaten a relatively weak Europe. That treaty built up a powerful Bulgaria. In 1586 a Turkish sailor named Chinano the Turk was publicly converted to Protestantism. [50][51], Following a border incident at Balta, Sultan Mustafa III declared war on Russia on 25 September 1768. To secure its gains in these regions, Britain persuaded the Ottoman Turks to sign the Anglo-Ottoman Convention, effectively renouncing any Ottoman influence over Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar. In 1814, a secret organization called Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece, encouraged by the revolutionary fervor gripping Europe in that period. Ottoman troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade, until 1867. William Harborne remained in Constantinople for eight years, working closely with the Ottoman court, who referred to him as Luteran elchisi the Lutheran ambassador. The most decisive event emerged from the Anglo-Egyptian War, which resulted in the occupation of Egypt. [86] Conquest of Constantinople was a main Russian war goal. Venice destroyed the Turkish fleet of Gallipoli in 1416, as the Ottomans lost a naval war. This opened the way for Napoleon III in France and Otto von Bismarck in Prussia to launch a series of wars in the 1860s that reshaped Europe. 7 ON / 7 OFF Dayshift Roster. However, by 1870, the Russians had regained most of their concessions. [16] Although the French had sought an alliance with the Ottomans as early as 1531, one was not concluded until 1536. Jenkinson successfully established the first ever commercial privileges for the English to trade freely in Ottoman lands. The Motives, Pattern and Form of Anglo-Ottoman Diplomatic Relations c. 1580-1661- Liane Saunders, 1993 Salonica. During the Age of Exploration, the Ottomans assisted in anti-Catholic activity among the Sultanates of Southeast Asia. Nevertheless, he certainly stopped a Turco-Spanish peace deal, based on Harbornes subtle machinations at the Ottoman court. ), Daniel-Joseph. ", Subhi Labib, "The era of Suleyman the magnificent: crisis of orientation. When anxiety arose in Constantinople after the return to power the Liberal . IR419 International Relations of the Middle East (1.0) # IR422 Conflict and Peacebuilding (1.0) . The Black Sea was demilitarized, and an international commission was set up to guarantee freedom of commerce and navigation on the Danube River. Over the course of the next four years, the British lost almost half a million soldiers in an Anglo-Turkish war that destroyed the Ottoman Empire and changed the makeup of the modern Middle East. In 1562 Jenkinson arrived in Qazvin (near modern-day Tehran), where he observed the theological differences between the Persian Shia beliefs in contrast to the Ottoman Sunni theology, the latter tracing its descent directly back to the Prophet Muhammad. The Sultan declared war against Russia in October 1851. Egypt was lost in 17981805. The occupation of Constantinople and zmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (191923) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname "Atatrk").
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